CLONANTION.

              NUCLEAR TRANSFER: DOLLY THE SHEEP.

Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning. The steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte (unfertilized egg), and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a pluripotent state. If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a female maman, a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how Dolly the Sheep and many other species were cloned. Cows are commonly cloned to select those that have the best milk production.
Dolly the Sheep was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, and lived there until her death when she was six years old. The name "Dolly" came from a suggestion by the stockmen who helped with her birth, in honor of Dolly Parton, because it was a mammary cell that was cloned. When Dolly was cloned in 1996 from a cell taken from a six-year-old ewe, she became the center of much controversy that still exists today. After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals have been cloned, including horses and bulls.

Gregor Mendel.

                               GREGOR MENDEL.

Gregor Johann Mendel was born  on july 20, 1822. He was an austrian botanist and plant experimenter who laid the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics. As a child, Mendel benefited from the progressive education provided by the local vicar, and he eventually enrolled at the Philosophical Institute in Olmutz (now Olomouc). Working in his monastery's garden, he began planning the experiments that led to his formulation of the basic principle of heredity. He used the edible pea for his studies, crossing varieties that had maintained constant differences in distinct traits such as height (tall or short) and seed colour (green or yellow). Mendel demonstrated that the inheritanceof certain tarits in pea plants follows particular patterns, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century, when the independent rediscovery of these laws initiated the modern science of genetics. He theorized that the occurrence of the visible alternative traits, in the constant hybrids and in their progeny, was due to the occurrence of paired elementary units of heredity, now known as genes. What was new in Mendel's interpretation of his data was his recognition that genes obey simple statistical laws. His system proved to be of general application and is one of the basic principles of biology.

PROGERIA.

                                        

                                       PROGERIA. 

 Progeria is a rare genetic disorder that causes children to age prematurely. The classic type of childhood progeria is Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, which is commonly referred to as progeria. It is characterized by dwarfism, baldness, pinched nose, small face and small jaw relative to the head size, delayed tooth formation, aged-looking skin, diminution of fat beneath the skin, stiff joints, and premature arteriosclerosis. Children with the progeria syndrome usually appear normal at birth. However, within a year, their growth rate slows and their appearance begins to change and age prematurely. They often suffer from symptoms typically seen in elderly people, especially severe cardiovascular disease. Death occurs on average at age 13, usually from heart attack. 

 

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome has several names in the literature (progeria, progeria of childhood, HGPS, and progeria syndrome); parents and others are urged to consult with a specialist in genetic diseases for additional information about diagnosis and treatments.

 Adalia Rose Williams, from Round Rock, Texas, suffers from a rare condition
called progeria which is making her tiny body age several times faster than
normal.